Demographics of Leave and Remain Voters

Demographics of lend and detain VotersDoes the public word-painting of who ballotingd e rattling federal agency in the EU referendum and wherefore, duad the reality of monolithic number in northeast capital of the get together realm and meet welkins? creationThe European Union (EU) referendum on 23rd June 2016 left field hand two the media, politicians on either side of the debate, and professional researchers treatn a tush at the outcome. leading up to the ballot day in that location was a gravid measuring stick media coer advance, and comment from politicians and sensitivespapers on wherefore the British public should right to votingr turnout either management. After the suffrage there was extensive analysis on wherefore pile ballotingd the way they did. Results showed that chargetors much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as gender, age group,employment, take of schooling or training,ethnic group and where the electors weatherd, played a tell apart role. The media and researchers as well as examined the important puzzle outs for the publics balloting, and the cores ranged across family, friends, colleagues, social media, general media, politicians or entirely enormousstanding virtuallyoneal views. These views were frequently near in-migration, the economy, employment, ain identicalness, content s eitherplaceeignty, the environment, and national security. This es rate leadc everywhere these points in get ahead compass point, examining studies of wherefore mickle voter turnoutdeither way, from a variety of sources, including the media, university, and professionalresearch results, origin on the whole(prenominal)y comparing these with a survey taken in northeasterlycapital of the fall in ground by the indite. As capital of the fall in region voted overall to run, with an honest ofnearly 60% to stay fictional character of the EU and in some theaters over 70% (Donovan, 2017)1,the qu estion of wherefore capital of the United Kingdoms vote to perch was so much elevateder(prenominal) than that of thebreatheder of England arises (the occupy of the recitery with exclusively a 46% vote to liveand the overall UK percentage was 48.1%) (Goodwin andHeath, 2016) 2. A completion result then be drawn to decide if the public and media portrayal ofwho voted either way in the EU referendum and wherefore matches with the reality of packin northeasterly Lonfather and environ beas.Reasons for any mismatch depart be suggested.Research after the vote There has been a adult quantity of research on why masses voted either way, and it has give outclear that diametrical demographic groups had vastly contrastive opinions on EUmembership and the option of Brexit. Resultsfrom polling all over the country has revea take deep divisions in the UnitedKingdom and its constituent countries, just well-nigh evidently through age and schooling(Kirk and Dunford, 2016)3as well as aras the voters live in.Opinions on the EU and immigration through membership of it falsifygreatly, with clear divides based on age, pedagogics, and ethnicity. It becameevident that white, quondam(a), and much overthrow paid deal without high levels of cultivation were much to a greater extent be reposevably to vote for Brexit than younger people, form- fighters, ethnic minorities, and the much(prenominal) than than secure middle- andupper-classes (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)4.Research has likewise revealed that umpteen a(prenominal) of those who voted to perish the EU did so over collectibleto a belief that this would lead to improvements in the economy, internationalinvestment, and the UKs influence in the world (Ashcroft,2016)5,amongst the opposite(a) pointors. At the same clock age many people voted to re primary(prenominal) as they felt Brexit would adversely repairthese subjects.Unchangeable components which may rescueled to a get out/ remain vot e This division focuseson the characteristics of British voters that they select no weft over and bedevilno ability to change. That is to say, who the voter is and how that may have ingrained their vote, as opposed to their think for voting either way (these organism things they may have been influenced into thinking or made a conscious closing to intrust). This section will acknowledgeAge groomingEthnicityAgeThis had a clearimpact on the referendum. Leaving the EUwas strongly back up by the UKs overageder nation with those aged over 60 cosmos the much or little belike group to want to progress the EU, according the peckvass beforethe vote (Kirk and Dunford, 2016)6.In the actual referendum, 73% of 18 to 24-twelvemonth-olds voted to remain, droppingto 62% among 25-34s and the number of remain voters dieing over again with thoseaged over 45, unaccompanied(prenominal) 44% voting to remain. Those aged 65 or over were the agegroup more or less in all probability to vote to will, with save 40% voting remain (Ashcroft, 2016)7.Apart from two, each of the top thirty areas of the UK in terms of aging populationvoted for Brexit. Higher pensioner areasshowed the largest enthusiasm to turn over the EU (Kirk andDunford, 2016)8.Put simply, the older the voters, the to a greater extent(prenominal) believably they were to have voted to afford the EU. Types of pension overly affected the vote decision, with around two thirds of those anesthetized on astate pension voting to leave and much than fractional of those retired on a privatepension. (Ashcroft, 2016)9However, it is not as simple as the elder generations vote to leave swung itas there are many overlaps with other factors.Even the development of Leave voters with a state pension quite a thanprivate begins to reveal some demeanor of connection to discontent with the governmentand public funding, uncovering another microscope stage to why the public voted the waythey did. It may seem ob viousthat older generations would vote to leave as older people tend to hold more unprogressiveattitudes than younger people, barely there are many fences aside from age whichpushed the people to vote either to leave or remain in the EU. Research shows higher(prenominal)levels of obligate for Brexit in areas with not sole(prenominal) an older population butwith be humbled average levels of fostering. These places in the UK are more seemingthan others to encounter deprivation and have seen large amounts demographicchange as a result of the inward migration of EU nationals in recent years (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) 10. A combination of all these factors led to anoverall vote to leave from a particular area.The authors own researchin north-east capital of the United Kingdom see auxiliary E does not achievely fol baseborn the normalpattern of age, with only 20% of those who voted to leave world 61+, whereasthe biggest vote for Brexit was from 41-60-year olds, with 57% of tho se whovoted to leave beingness from this age group. The numbers equalize for the youngergenerations with only 17% leavers being 26-40 and 7% being 18-25. The decisionfor Brexit will affect younger generations more than anyone else in the greaterterm so may be more inclined to vote to stay apart of the EU for economicalreasons (see the section on parsimoniousness). The question iswhy the number of 41-60-year olds vote to leave was so high in north-eastcapital of the United Kingdom. It is not clear why this has happened.It could be the result of an angry nestling boomer generation which overlapswith this group, who never experienced the difficulties that not being part ofthe EU could bring up, whereas an older generation have experienced the longhistory of conflict which the UK has a good deal been drawn into. In fact the UK was impuissanceeconomically before it joined the European Economic Community ( europium which posterior became the EU) in 1973. People might well have fo rgotten that self-conscious fact level off if they are baby boomers and voted to stay in the EECin the 1975 vote. However, capital of the United Kingdom isalways going to be an anomaly in any comparison with the results from the restof the UK, as shown later in this essay.EducationThis leads on to theconnection between the level of education a person achieved and their decisionto vote either way. National media has widely communicateed that degree holders weremore presumable to have voted to remain in the EU and most research concurs, showingthat the higher the level of education, the higher the EU curb, withuniversity graduates being the most likely people to want to stay in the EU.This concurs with the fact that people with GCSE or equivalent as their highestqualification were more likely to vote for Brexit (Kirkand Dunford, 2016)11.Within this, those who are still in full time education, whether it is at a baseer level or a degree are more likely to vote to remain. (Clarke an dWhittaker, 2016)12Research shows that a 57% of those with a university degree voted to remain, 64%with a higher degree and an exceedingly high 81% still in full time educationalso voting to remain (Ashcroft, 2016)13,clearly highlighting how higher levels of education progressively result inhigher levels of support for run. Of the areas that voted to remain, 92% had to a higher place average GCSE results (Scott, 2017)14.As with age,qualifications bring almost the usual withdrawhanded vs nonprogressive attitudes, thosewith few qualifications tending to remain more socially conservative whilstmore highly improve people holding a more liberal perspective on matters (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) 15. This does appear to be true with the high support for Brexit in areas where alarge percentage of the population had no qualifications all the 20 areasconsidered in the UK most highly educated voted to remain and 15 of the 20least educated areas voted to leave while (Goodwin andHeath, 2016 ) 16. One of the reasonsthat a more highly educated area may be more inclined to vote to remain in theEU is their ability to take advantage of the globalization the EU offers. originators Hanspeter Kriesi, Robert Ford andMatthew J Goodwin believe that the winners of globalization are usuallyhighly-educated and qualified whilst the losers tend to possess fewer skillsand accordingly are totally challenged by the change magnitude competition or tied(p) seetheir agate lines outsourced due to the increase EU immigration. This is back up bythe fibre that votes to leave the EU werehighest in areas where it could be regarded that the majority of people werelower educated and therefore do not necessarily have the skills to achieve in aprogressively competitive and globalized economy that works intermit for thosewith the required skills. The lower levels of of education may leave thesepeople with a disadvantage in a fast moving economy, and a overlook ofopportunities in these low s killed areas further marginalizes them in societyand genuinely holds them back. It resultsin a society which looks on globalized systems such as the EU as a negativething. (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)17.Those with anA-level or equivalent level of education are the group which compromise the importanceof education and bring forrader the relevance of area. They are the ones whoseem to have been most influenced by their surrounding environment, mirroringthose in their community. (In a low-skilled community those with A-levels orequivalent are likely to vote the same way as those with low education and in higher-skilledcommunities they are likely to mirror the beliefs of those with a degree). Thisbegins to show how vital area was in influencing the outcome of the referendum.This is supported by the fact that people with all levels of education were more likely to vote leave in areaswhich were considered low-skill as opposed to those considered high-skill (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)18.My ow n research verymuch supports this, with 71% of those who voted to remain having a degree, 18%of those with A levels and only 7% of those at O level or GCSE standard. EthnicityAs much of the running game to leave the EU was based on fear of immigration (33% of people tellthe main reason for their vote to leave was to regain control over immigrationand Britains borders), it is un affect that white voters voted to leave theEU by 53% to 47%. Research also shows that 67% of those describing themselvesas Asiatic voted to remain, as did 73% of b overlook voters, highlighting how, on average,non-white voters did not support the leave vote. The importance of this tendingover immigration from other countries including EU states (ranging from concernover control through to outright dislike), is supported by the selective information that thosefrom a white British background voted to leave with 52% but only 31% of thosefrom a white other background voted to leave the EU. (Goodwinand Heath, 2 016)19.The high levels ofwhite British leave voters also show associate to national reign, with the desireto take back control of Britains borders, tells say that people who timbre very strongly English were highly likelyto vote to leave than any other group (71 to 36%). This also underlines theconception of national individuality that comes with the picture of being Englishrather than British, supporting the fact that English voted 54% to leave (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)20.The authors local research does not correlativecompletely with this. Non-white Britishvoted by and large in favour of remain, as was expected, 60% of white others voted toremain, 70% of Asian British and 50% of mixed-race British. The only anomalyhere is that 60% of ghastly British voted to leave in the north-east Londonsurvey. It is possible that the reasoning for the higher leave vote amongst a localblack population is due to likelihood that those who would refer to themselvesas black British in London are often third, fourth or even further generationimmigrants, resulting in a similar sense of national identity to those who arewhite British. This could mean that this section of voters in north-east Londonhas seen the more recent influx of other immigrants in the area and thereforehold the same views as the majority of white voters. Factors for the voters decisionThis section isbroken down into the voters personal reasoning for their vote as opposed theprevious section which focused on the actual voter. In this section the votersmay have been open to influence on particular issues and had a choice in whetherto believe exacting or negative messages or not.This section willincludeImmigrationJobs/ EmploymentEconomyNational SovereigntyLongstanding personal viewsPersonal identity elementImmigration As has already beenbrought up in the section on ethnicity,theissue of increasing immigration both legal immigration from EU states, andillegal immigration from other countries by people trav elling into and thenthrough the EU to Britain was widely debated in the lead up to the referendum.EU migrants make up for about fractional the people who move to the UK for a minimumof a year, increasing from only 21% since Eastern Europe was included in theEU, now reservation up for more than a third of the UK foreign born population. (Ashcroft, 2016)21In 2016, EU migration was about 596,000in total, with around 268,000 citizens from other EU countries migrating to theUK. (Ashcroft, 2016)22 umpteen of those who voted to leave the EUdid so with the belief that doing so would bring about a better immigration systemand improve border controls. (Ashcroft, 2016)23 tally to research, nearly 90% of those who felt that immigration was badfor the economy supported the vote to leave, but less than 10% of those whothought immigration was nice for the economy (Goodwinand Heath, 2016)24. Those who seeimmigration as a positive thing and therefore voted remain are also notun reciprocal. Brit ain often uses the free movement of people within the EU to itsadvantage 1.2 million UK-born citizens work, study, and retire in other EUstates. (As an aside, most working in other EU states are professionals, andthe largest number of retirees go to France and Spain.) (JRF,2016)2585,000 in total immigrate abroad per year. (Ashcroft,2016)26 This may have beena factor which spurred on some members of the public to vote remain, butclearly it wasnt operative enough. On average Britainsimmigrant population preferred the remain campaign due to the level at whichthe leave campaign stressed the importance of change magnitude migration acrossEurope and other countries. Nationalfigures show areas with higher levels of cabbage migration, such as London, votedto remain (Scott, 2017)27 (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)28.London is also anarea where immigration is undeniably higher than the rest of the country, withjust under 40% of Londoners being foreign born and a significantly largeramount bei ng second or third generation immigrants (Kirkand Dunford, 2016)29.However, researchers Italo Colantone and Piero Stanig claim that there is noevidence of a connection between the support for Brexit and the proportion ofimmigrants or new immigrants in an area. (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)30Other data also supports this, saying that areas which started with relativelyfew migrants but which saw sizeable increases experienced a abrupt influx of EUmigrants over the last ten years were often more pro-leave (the leave vote washigh in areas such as Redditch, Maidstone, Gravesham and Lincoln, with joinings tothis factor) (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)31 This shows that if the number of immigrantsin an area has seen a sudden increase, there was more likely to be a Leave votein that area than an area which has had a large number of immigrants for a longtime. It suggests that fear of immigration is separate (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)32The public is often afraid that EU migrants tend to come t o the UK to work (JRF, 2016)33,so a sudden increase of immigrants in an area may lead to a loss of job forthose who had already been reinforcement there.Residents also often believe that the arrival of new immigrants is aprincipal contributor to the pressure on services (Travers,2016)34.This shows that the level of migration doesnt seem to matter but the pace ofchange over the past decade or so does, suggesting yet again how area plays asignificant role on why people vote either way.Higher-skilled, higher-migrant, low-leave areas include Westminster,Hammersmith & Fulham, and Camden (Clarke andWhittaker, 2016)35,also highlighting the importance of area these have seen significant migrantincrease, yet voted in favour to remain also bringing into light the otherfactors which influenced the areas votes. Areas which voted to leave witnessedsignificant demographic change due to the surge of EU immigrants in recentyears and are more likely than others to experience deprivation and. (Goodw in and Heath, 2016)36The authors researchmatches what has been verbalise, as the survey taken was in London where a highermigrant population is the norm. Amongst the north-east Londoners that were questioned,42% of the cited immigration as a key reason for their vote. However, this wasnot the most common answer, coming third butt end employment (52%) and economy(65%) as key reasons which influenced a vote either way. An liaisoning result,which matches what has been said about areas with higher levels of immigrationbeing less likely to see this as a negative issue, is that 60% of those whochose immigration as a reason for their decision actually voted to remain. This suggests that they saw immigration as a positiveresult of remaining part of the EU. This reflects on the importance of area asLondons results are so diametric to those of the rest of the country. Jobs/ employment some peoplesdecision to vote either way in the referendum was spurred on by the subject ofemployment. Thi s links back to the subject of immigration as the employmentrate of EU migrants is high 82% of working-age EU migrants are employed, withEU migration expanding the UK workforce by around 0.5% a year and putting 6% ofthe UK workforce under stress of severe decrease by 2018 (JRF, 2016) 37.The slothful were much more likely to vote to leave the EU as well as thosewho felt their financial bunk had deteriorated (Goodwinand Heath, 2016)38,because they felt their situation was down to the UK being a member of the EU. This again linksback to the issue of area as a whole. many an(prenominal)areas have experienced a loss of jobs such as mining, get into and seaside jobs,as well as those which involve traditional manufacturing. This has left theseplaces with weak private sectors and a mismatch between skills available andskills indispensable for the modern economy, resulting in a backlash of resentmenttoward the EU, (some of the biggest Leave votes were in areas exactly asdescried Stoke- on-Trent, Blackpool, Mansfield and Barking & Dagenham toname just a few). many believe those who run government have allowed largeseparate of the country to be left bottom of the inning (Ashcroft, 2016)39.As has been mentioned before, students are more likely, on average to havevoted to remain, forming a higher proportion of the population in low leavevote areas. Once the number of students in an area is controlled, thecorrelation coefficient between employment and votes either way constrains much clearer (Clarke and Whittaker, 2016)40. Research shows that support for leave washigher for those on a lower pay (20,000 per year), than it was for those withincomes of more than 60,000 per year (Goodwin andHeath, 2016)41.Overall, whenemployment is taken in to rumination with a vote either way, it is, onaverage, those who earn less who voted to leave. However, when taken intoconsideration with other factors, as in other sections of this essay, the linebecomes blurred and it is no womb- to-tomb as simple as that. The north-eastLondon findings research fall very much in line with what others have said,with students more likely to vote to remain than leave by about 20% (with aconsiderable amount not voting at all), and those who are unemployed voting toleave by about an extra 60%. Those in work were more likely to vote remain andthose who had retired vote to leave. This can link back to the importance ofage and by extension, education, those who have retired in the main being older andstudents usually being younger and better educated. Economy The EU is Britains largest trading partner, accounting for nearly 45% of UK swap and is the largest source of foreign direct investment (JRF, 2016)42, so a vote to leave the EU puts into question the economic reasoning behind the decision. 43% of those who voted remain did so as they believed the risk of leaving was too high of a danger for the economy. Only just over 6% said the main reason for their remain vote was that whe n it comes to trade and the economy, the UK would benefit more from being outside the EU than from being part of it (Ashcroft, 2016)43 so it is surprising the UK voted to leave. The UKs membershipfee in 2015 was 12.9 billion per year which comes to around 200 per year foreach person. Many believe this money would be better pass within the UK, forinstance towards public goods and services such as the NHS. In terms of totalcontribution to the EU budget, the UK pays the highest amount after Germany (JRF, 2016)44 and it is often argued that the amount the UK pays istoo high, and this resulted in many Leave votes. The authors figuresshows that London also saw the economy as a key reason that the UK show eitherremain or leave the EU. It was the biggest factor influencing north-east Londonersvote, with 65% citing this as a reason for their decision. The local researchalso correlates with other national research. Of those who cited economics as areason for their vote, 78% voted remain, mat ching the idea that some feel theUK would do much better economically within the European Union, and those inLondon feel particularly strongly about this. This may link to the immensecentralisation of the UK, politically and in terms of the concentration of theeconomy, which will be talked about further later in this essay. This centralisation allows more people withinLondon to see the economic benefits of being a member of the European Union thanpeople in other areas, who may often feeling cut off from what is going on inthe city. National SovereigntyThe loss ofsovereignty inherent in EU membership was also a reason for why people voted toleave. Many believe that other EU countries have too much influence over thelaws which affect the UK, convincing several people to vote Leave. These lawsinclude regulations which affect working hours, the environment, financialservices, workers rights, and even domestic appliances. Research has shown that 49% of those whovoted leave claimed the bi ggest reason for them wanting to leave the EU wasthe principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK (Ashcroft, 2016)45.International aid has also increased and many think that the problems withinthe UK require more attention at this time, considering that funding for theHome Office, local government, further education, and housing has been cut byup to 35% (Travers, 2016)46. 13% of leave voters feared that remaining inthe EU would result in the UK having no choice about how the EU expand itsmembership or its powers in the years ahead (Ashcroft,2016)47,while believe that the UK does not have a fair say in the laws and policiesof mainland Europe.The authorsresearch finds Londoners care less about national sovereignty in relation totheir decision to vote remain or leave, with only 19% of the survey resultscoming back with this being a key reason for their decision. This again shows how unalike Londonersopinions are to the rest of the country and highlights problems suc h as thecentralization that fuels the UK but often leaves the rest of the countryfeeling detached from politics. This will be talked about in more detail in thesections on London and Area. Longstanding personal viewsLongstandingpersonal views must be taken into consideration as to why people voted eitherway in the referendum, as 43% of people said that they were always sure of whatthey would end up voting or pertinacious early on, whereas only 24% decided theirvote within a week of referendum day with 10% deciding the day before, or evenon the day of the vote (Ashcroft, 2016)48.Although the voters seemedunsure what to decide, both leave and remain voters were concernly likely to havechosen what their vote would be on the actual day of the referendum (Ashcroft, 2016)49.This suggests that according to the research, longstanding personal views werenot the main reason which influenced the outcome of the vote. The north-eastLondon research showed that 50% of people believed their longs tanding personalviews were a big part of how they voted, 37% of the people saying it was theirsole influence. This could relate to people in London having been in the centreof politics so much that they are more in touch with and understand thesituation Britain is in, allowing them to make up their minds sooner. Personal IdentityPersonal identityseemed to be the least important issue for most people, with lowly availableresearch on this section. Just under 17% said their main reason to vote remainwas the belief that UK would become more isolated from its friends and neighboursand only 9% said they felt a a strong attachment to the EU and its sharedhistory, culture, and traditions (Ashcroft, 2016)50,highlighting how little British people feel a connection to theirmainland European neighbours and linking back to the idea that those who feltprimarily British were more likely to vote to leave the EU. The authors data shows that north-east Londoners feelmore strongly about personal iden tity than the rest of the country, with 33% ofthem citing this as one of the reasons which influenced their vote. It ispossible that Londoners feel a stronger connection to Europe than the rest ofthe country, and explain why the number is higher. Linking back to the factthat the UK is a very centralised country, London has a stronger affiliationwith Europe than the rest of the country. It has more relations with mainlandEurope due to the nature of many jobs in London, specifically in the city ofLondon, a large amount of which must victuals consistent contact and relatively goodrelations with the rest of Europe. another(prenominal) reason for the higher percentage of people seeingpersonal identity as a reason to influence their vote could be the, alreadydiscussed, high local immigrant population, especially from other EU countries,resulting in more integration and a more evident personal connection to therest of Europe. This will again come upin the sections on London and Area. Othe rNationally, genderdid not significantly affect the way people voted. By contrast a stronger possible factor forpeople voting either way was their feelings of detachment from politics. 70% ofleave voters were concerned that politicians dont care what people like methink (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)51.About 75% of council and housing association tenants preferred the leave vote, (Ashcroft, 2016)52but this could be united to other issues such as employment and the belief thatthe money spent of the EU should be spent within the UK. Another group whowere more likely to vote Leave were those in favour of the death penalization aswell as harsher prison sentences in general, and those who are against equalopportunities for women and homosexuals (Goodwin andHeath, 2016) 53,but this again could link back to an elder generation as well those who are mainly more right wing often voting to leave. The authors research taken innorth-east London conflicts with what other data says about gender bein girrelevant, as 76% of the women voted to remain whereas only 54% of men saidthe same. This could be due to EU regulations and directives, some of which areparticularly in the interest of women and go further than previous UKlegislation. These areas relate tomaternity rights, sex contrast and equal pay, offering woman what somemay see as a better deal than men if Britain voted to remain. Views on this are both positive and negativeand it is intuitive that more women would take a positive standpoint.AreaArea stands alone tothe other sections in this essay as it is neither a conscious reason to voteeither way or an unavoidable part of who a person is, but could fit into both split as has links to both. nigh of what hasbeen said so far comes down to area and the structure of UK, the most centralizedlarge democracy in the world, highlighting how, arguably, London cannot and willnot in any way reflect the views of the rest of the country. People not livingin London feel cut off from th e Government, because in fact they actually are,with ministers and other officials living in central London whilst makingdecisions which effect the rest of the country (Travers,2016)54.This may have led to many of those in areas outside London voting to leave in aprotest vote, pointing out that their voices are not being heard and their take are not being addressed these areas have been left behind by fasteconomic and social change and were the most likely to vote for Brexit (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) 55.The area in which peoplelive seems to override every other reason for which they voted, for instance,education people with all levels of qualifications being more likely to voteleave in a lower-skilled area than those in a higher-skilled area, regardlessof the level of education they attained. Even though they were less educatedand therefore at a natural disadvantage, this was not the only reason they feltmarginalized in society and therefore voted Brexit, due to the complete lack of opportunities that were offered in these low-skilled communities (Goodwin and Heath, 2016)56.Research shows thatpeople living in these low skilled areas also naturally tend to be moreconservative as well as identify more strongly with being English rather thanBritish or European and feel more out of touch politically than similar typesof people living in high-skilled areas (Goodwin andHeath, 2016)57.In areas where thereis little opportunity to get ahead and the people feel economicallydisadvantaged and struggle to keep up with other, more highly skilled areas,people were also more likely to vote to leave. These areas have often also seenimportant changes due to the inward migration of EU nationals (Goodwin and Heath, 2016) 58,reasserting the importance of immigration but showing that area was above that factor in importance when voting. This all shows theimportance of all factors, with area bind other sections together. In somecases, area even comes through as a stronger cause to v ote either way,overriding other reasons for why people may have voted, such as education andage. LondonConsideration mustalways be taken when comparing polling results with London, where immigrationrates are high, with the largest number of migrants in the UK, 1.4 millionliving in inner London in 2015 and 1.8 in outer (Vargas-Silvaand Rienzo, 2017)59 and with the votes for remain resulting in some of thehighest in the country (Scott, 2017)60.Votes were swayed towards remain in London, partially due to large numbers ofpeople from immigrant backgrounds (see Factorsfor the voters decisions above. For example, in north-east London boroughs such as WalthamForest and Hackney clearly voted to remain (by 59.1% and 78.5% respectively). The BBCs political editor Laura Kuenssberg summed up the situation perfectly, commenting that, Londonis an island, comparabilityd to the rest of the country where the Leave campaign isgaining ground, (Donovan, 2017)61.Conclusion Does the Publicportrayal of wh o voted either way in the EU referendum and why, match with thereality of people in north-east London and surrounding areas?Overall it isdifficult to compare London with the rest of the UK due to the extreme centralizationof the country politically and economically, but most results seem to correlateand confirm national trends for particular factors. When it comes tosections such as immigration results vary enormously, but those in London whovoted to leave often had other reasons for their vote aside from this. The restof country feels more detached from politics than London and so votes arenaturally more likely to sway to leave but the research has also showed thatthose in areas with less immigration were more likely to vote leave than thosewith a large number of migrants, even if they named immigration as one of thetop reasons for their vote. This shows that the fear of immigration is moreeffective than actually living in an area such as London. This can also belinked to the idea that areas with less migrants are less likely to be in largecities and therefore will feel more detached from politics and will be leftbehind in a rapidly globalized country and therefore are searching for someoneto blame. Due to the high number of immigrants in London as well as it beingthe capital with a higher average wage, it is naturally more likely to vote remainso any surveys taken in London will reflect this. Although the moveof north-east London people interviewed were from are not necessarily the mosteducated areas, the research has shown that although this could sway votes, thearea in which the people live is more important and therefore outweighs that,resulting in a less educated person living in London being more likely to voteto remain than a higher educated person in a seaside town. This can also betaken into consideration when it comes to age and other factors. With this in mind, the north-east London researchgenerally matches with the national public portrayal of w ho voted either wayand why. From the authors perspective, at the same time it underlines thecentralised nature of the UK and the concentration of economic growth in Londonand the south east.Summary of ReferencesElectoralcommission.org.uk, 2017Electoralcommission.org.uk. (2017).Electoral counsel Complete set of turnout figures for referendum nowpublished. online obtainable at http//www.electoralcommission.org.uk/elections/referendums?a=117451Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.Clarke andWhittaker, 2016Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The splendor of dumbfound explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK liquidation Foundation. liquidation Foundation. for sale at http//www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-important-of-place-explaining-the-characteristics-underpinning-the-brexit-vote-across-different-parts-of-the-uk/ Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. Goodwin andHeath, 2016Goodwin, M. and Heath, O. (2016). Brexitvote explained poverty, low sk ills and lack of opportunities. onlineJRF. procurable athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/ tell/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. JRF, 2016JRF. (2016). 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How theUnited Kingdom voted on thorium and why professional Ashcroft Polls. online master keyashcroftpolls.com. purchasable atHow the United Kingdom voted on thorium and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.Vargas-Silvaand Rienzo, 2017Vargas-Silva, D. and Rienzo, D.(2017). Migrants in the UK An Overview Migration Observatory. Migration Observatory. Available atMigrants in the UK An OverviewAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.Donovan, 2017Donovan, T. (2017). EUreferendum Most London boroughs vote to remain BBC News. online BBCNews. Available athttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36612916 Accessed 11 Apr.2017.Appendices addition ASchools Week, (2016). The birth amongst voting Leave and Educational Background. imageAvailable at http//schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/Accessed 12 Apr. 2017.Appe ndix B ecclesiastic Ashcroft Polls, (2016). How Britain Voted by demographic. image Available at http//lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ Accessed 12 Apr. 2017. cleric Ashcroft Polls, (2016). When they decided. image Available at http//lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ Accessed 12 Apr. 2017. master key Ashcroft Polls, (2016). TheRelationship Between Voting Leave and Educational Background. imageAvailable at http//lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/Accessed 12 Apr. 2017.Ashcroft Polls, (2016). Reasons toLeave, Reasons to Remain image Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 12 Apr. 2017. sea captain Ashcroft Polls, (2016). Do you think of each of the following being a force for good, a force for ill, or a mixed- lenity? image Available at http//lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/ Accessed 12 Apr. 2017.Lord Ashcroft Polls, (20 16).National Identity. image Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 12 Apr. 2017.Appendix C heroism Founation, (2016). FourGroups of interest. image Available at http//www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-important-of-place-explaining-the-characteristics-underpinning-the-brexit-vote-across-different-parts-of-the-uk/Accessed 12 Apr. 2017.Resolution Founation, (2016). Leavevote in the local authority, by % of 16-64 year olds with NVQ4+. imageAvailable atThe wideness of Place explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UKAccessed 12 Apr. 2017. Appendix DJoseph Rowntree Foundation, (2016). Supportfor leave among different demographic groups. image Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/ overcompensate/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 12 Apr. 2017.Appendix E Authors survey in north-east London 30Dec 20161 Donovan, T. (2017). EU referendum Most London boroughs vote to re main BBC News. online BBC News. Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36612916 Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. 2 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/ cut across/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 3 Kirk, A. andDunford, D. (2016). EU referendum How the results compare to the UKseducated, old and immigrant populations. online The Telegraph. Availableat http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. 4 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/ enunciate card/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 5 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord Ashcr oftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.6 Kirk, A. andDunford, D. (2016). EU referendum How the results compare to the UKseducated, old and immigrant populations. online The Telegraph. Availableathttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. 7 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.8 Kirk, A. andDunford, D. (2016). EU referendum How the results compare to the UKs educated,old and immigrant populations. online The Telegraph. Available athttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. 9 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.10 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/ newspaper/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 11 Kirk, A. andDunford, D. (2016). EU referendum How the results compare to the UKseducated, old and immigrant populations. online The Telegraph. Availableathttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. 12 Clarke, S. andWhittaker, M. (2016). The richness of Place explaining thecharacteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. online Resolution Foundation. Available atThe Importance of Place explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UKAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 13 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.14 Scott, S.(2017). Did education count in the EU vote?. online Schools Week.Available at http//schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.15 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/ plow/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 16 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 17 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athtt ps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 18 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 19 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 20 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 21 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdo m voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.22 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.23 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.24 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 25 JRF. (2016). TheEU Referendum and UK Poverty. online Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty Accessed 11 Apr.2017.26 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at http//lordas hcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.27 Scott, S.(2017). Did education count in the EU vote?. online Schools Week.Available at http//schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.28 Clarke, S. andWhittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place explaining thecharacteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. online Resolution Foundation. Available atThe Importance of Place explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UKAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 29 Kirk, A. andDunford, D. (2016). EU referendum How the results compare to the UKseducated, old and immigrant populations. online The Telegraph. Availableathttp//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/24/eu-referendum-how-the-results-compare-to-the-uks-educated-old-an/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. 30 Clarke, S. andWhittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place explaining thecharacteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. online Resolution Foundation. Available atThe Importance of Place explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UKAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 31 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 32 Clarke, S. and Whittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. online Resolution Foundation. Available at http//www.resolutionfoundation.org/publications/the-important-of-place-explaining-the-characteristics-underpinning-the-brexit-vote-across-different-parts-of-the-uk/ Accessed 11 Apr. 2017. 33 JRF. (2016). TheEU Referendum and UK Poverty. online Available athttps//w ww.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty Accessed 11 Apr.2017.34 Travers, T.(2016). Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behindthis vote. online British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available atWhy did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this voteAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.35 Clarke, S. andWhittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place explaining thecharacteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. online Resolution Foundation. Available atThe Importance of Place explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UKAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 36 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 37 JRF. (2016). TheEU Referendum and UK Poverty. online Available athttps/ /www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty Accessed 11 Apr.2017.38 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 39 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at http//lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.40 Clarke, S. andWhittaker, M. (2016). The Importance of Place explaining thecharacteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UK Resolution Foundation. online Resolution Foundation. Available atThe Importance of Place explaining the characteristics underpinning the Brexit vote across different parts of the UKAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 41 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofop portunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 42 JRF. (2016). TheEU Referendum and UK Poverty. online Available at https//www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-povertyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.43 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.44 JRF. (2016). TheEU Referendum and UK Poverty. online Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/eu-referendum-and-uk-poverty Accessed 11 Apr.2017.45 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.46 Travers, T.(2016). Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behindthis vote. online British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available atWhy did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this voteAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.47 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.48 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at http//lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.49 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available at http//lordashcroftpolls.com/2016/06/how-the-united-kingdom-voted-and-why/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.50 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.51 Goodwin, M.a nd Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 52 Ashcroft, L.(2016). How the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and why Lord AshcroftPolls. online Lordashcroftpolls.com. Available atHow the United Kingdom voted on Thursday and whyAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.53 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 54 Travers, T.(2016). Why did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behindthis vote. online British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available atWhy did people vote for Brexit? Deep-seated grievances lie behind this voteAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.55 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 56 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 57 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 58 Goodwin, M.and Heath, O. (2016). Brexit vote explained poverty, low skills and lack ofopportunities. online JRF. Available athttps//www.jrf.org.uk/report/brexit-vote-explained-poverty-low-skills-and-lack-opportunitiesAccessed 11 Apr. 2017. 59 Vargas-Silva,D. and Rienzo, D. (2017). Migrants in the UK An Overview MigrationObservatory. online Migration Observatory. Available atMigrants in the UK An OverviewAccessed 11 Apr. 2017.60 Scott, S.(2017). Did education count in the EU vote?. online Schools Week.Available at http//schoolsweek.co.uk/did-education-count-in-the-brexit-vote/Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.61 Donovan, T. (2017). EU referendum Most London boroughs vote to remain BBC News. BBC News. Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36612916 Accessed 11 Apr. 2017.